Anatomy of an Online Misinformation Network (PLOS ONE 2018)
A Twitter dataset of 346,573 nodes, 1,091,552 edges, collected by Shao et al. via Hoaxy API (OSoMe/Indiana University). Each record contains from_user_id, to_user_id, tweet_id, tweet_created_at, site_type (claim/fact-checking). Retweet diffusion network of misinformation and fact-checking content surrounding the 2016 US election; distinguishes claim vs. fact-checking retweets.. Suitable for Misinformation diffusion, fact-checking network analysis, network epidemiology..
Cite this dataset at
osome-misinfo-network.echo.directory
Analytics
The full graph has 346,573 nodes; this view shows the 1,000-node sample the pipeline drew for display. Node size is centrality, colour is community.
Computed over the full corpus.
Record
- Catalog key
osome-misinfo-network- Authors
- Shao, Chengcheng; Hui, Pik-Mai; Wang, Lei; Jiang, Xinwen; Flammini, Alessandro; Menczer, Filippo; Ciampaglia, Giovanni Luca
- Year
- 2018
- Source paper
- Anatomy of an online misinformation network
- DOI / arXiv
- 10.1371/journal.pone.0196087
- License
- CC BY-NC 4.0 (CC-BY-NC-4.0)
- Records
- 346,573
- Nodes
- 346,573
- Edges
- 1,091,552 (directed)
- Attributes
- nodes have no attributes; edges have no attributes
- Languages
- en
- Collected
- 2016-05/2017-10 (2010s)
- Tasks
- From the graph: link prediction, community detection
- Region
- United States · North America (inferred: named in the description)
Provenance
- Originally published at
- https://zenodo.org/records/1154840 link checked
- Hosted copy
- Mirrored on echo.directory on 2026-10-02, 140.7 MB across 1 files. Checksums in MANIFEST.json.
Citations
Anatomy of an online misinformation network
Chengcheng Shao, Pik-Mai Hui, Lei Wang, Xinwen Jiang, A. Flammini
Journal Article · PLoS ONE · 2018
Cited by
- Systematic Literature Review on the Spread of Health-related Misinformation on Social Media
Yu-Xi Wang, M. Mckee et al. · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · 2019 · cited 1.5K× - The spread of low-credibility content by social bots
Chengcheng Shao, Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia et al. · Nature Communications · 2017 · cited 1.3K× - Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election
A. Bovet, Hernán A. Makse · Nature Communications · 2018 · cited 841× - Fake news, disinformation and misinformation in social media: a review
E. Aïmeur, Sabrine Amri et al. · Social Network Analysis and Mining · 2023 · cited 735× - Fake news, rumor, information pollution in social media and web: A contemporary survey of state-of-the-arts, challenges and opportunities
P. Meel, D. Vishwakarma · Expert systems with applications · 2020 · cited 494×
Show all 10
- Evaluating the fake news problem at the scale of the information ecosystem
Jennifer Allen, Baird Howland et al. · Science Advances · 2020 · cited 457× - Arming the public with artificial intelligence to counter social bots
Kai-Cheng Yang, Onur Varol et al. · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · 2019 · cited 421× - Online misinformation about climate change
Kathie M. d'I. Treen, Hywel T. P. Williams et al. · WIREs Climate Change · 2020 · cited 406× - An exploratory study of COVID-19 misinformation on Twitter
G. Shahi, A. Dirkson et al. · Online Soc. Networks Media · 2020 · cited 359× - Online misinformation is linked to early COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and refusal
F. Pierri, B. Perry et al. · Scientific Reports · 2021 · cited 254×
Citation data from Semantic Scholar, retrieved 2026-10-19.
How to cite
BibTeX
@misc{echo2026,
title = {ECHO: Exploratory Compendium of Humanity Online},
author = {Switzer, Braden and Zafarani, Reza},
year = {2026},
url = {https://echo.directory},
note = {Syracuse University}
}
@article{Shao_2018,
title = {Anatomy of an online misinformation network},
volume = {13},
issn = {1932-6203},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196087},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0196087},
number = {4},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
publisher = {Public Library of Science (PLoS)},
author = {Shao, Chengcheng and Hui, Pik-Mai and Wang, Lei and Jiang, Xinwen and Flammini, Alessandro and Menczer, Filippo and Ciampaglia, Giovanni Luca},
editor = {Barrat, Alain},
year = {2018},
month = Apr,
pages = {e0196087}
} APA
Switzer, B., & Zafarani, R. (2026). ECHO: Exploratory Compendium of Humanity Online [Data repository]. Syracuse University. https://echo.directory
Shao, C., Hui, P.-M., Wang, L., Jiang, X., Flammini, A., Menczer, F., & Ciampaglia, G. L. (2018). Anatomy of an Online Misinformation Network (PLOS ONE 2018) [Data set]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196087
MLA
Switzer, Braden, and Reza Zafarani. ECHO: Exploratory Compendium of Humanity Online. Syracuse University, 2026, echo.directory.
Shao, Chengcheng, et al. Anatomy of an Online Misinformation Network (PLOS ONE 2018). 2018, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196087.